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a Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., 370 Olsen Blvd., College Station, TX 77843
b Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State Univ., 82 Stoneville Rd., Stoneville, MS 38776
c International Textile Research Center, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409-6603
d Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Pkwy., Cary, NC 27513
* Corresponding author (cwsmith{at}tamu.edu).
ABSTRACT
TAM 01E-22 upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm line (Reg. No. GP-889, PI 652865) was developed by the Cotton Improvement Laboratory, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences and released in 2007 by Texas AgriLife Research. TAM 01E-22 exhibits high volume instrument (HVI) Upper Half Mean fiber length and HVI fiber bundle strength exceeding the best medium staple uplands commonly grown by Texas producers for these traits. All other HVI fiber properties are within acceptable ranges and lint yield potential is lower than current cultivars.
Abbreviations: HVI, high volume instrument • UHM, upper half mean • UI, uniformity of fiber length
TAM 01E-22 upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) germplasm line (Reg. No. GP-889, PI 652865) was developed by the Cotton Improvement Laboratory, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas AgriLife Research (Texas A&M University, College Station), and released in 2007 as part of an ongoing effort to create germplasm and/or cultivars with combinations of improved fiber quality parameters, especially upper half mean length and fiber bundle strength.
Shifts in the needs of the textile industry over the past half-century and changes in fiber property measurement technology have effected generally a steady improvement in cotton fiber quality. Quality was determined subjectively before and during the early part of the 20th century, but by the 1980s, upper half mean (UHM) fiber length, fiber length uniformity index, fiber bundle strength, elongation of fibers before breaking, and micronaire, as an estimate of fiber fineness, were determined objectively for all cotton sold in the United States using high volume instrument (HVI) testing. Before objective measurement of fiber properties was mandated by the USDA, buyers bought cotton lint on its subjectively determined length, strength, and feel; thus, breeders have been aware of and made selections on the basis of the importance of fiber properties even before objective measurements were possible.
Many previous studies conducted to evaluate genetic gains reported little or no improvement of fiber length (Bridge and Meredith, 1983; Bridge et al., 1971; Culp and Green, 1992; Hoskinson and Stewart, 1977; Miller and Rawlings, 1967; Wells and Meredith, 1984), although a few experiments detected genetic improvement for this trait (Bayles et al., 2005; Turner et al., 1976). The USDA-Agricultural Marketing Service (2003) reported recently that fiber strength had been steady from 1993 to 2003. Schwartz and Smith (2008) reported that UHM lengths generally improved with the release of new cultivars after and including ‘Deltapine 14’, which was released in 1941. It is interesting that ‘Long Star,’ released in 1905, exhibited UHM length equal to or better than cultivars included in Schwartz's study that were released as late as 1974, including ‘Deltapine 55’ (PVP 7500103, NSL 91795). ‘Stoneville 506’ (PVP 8100059, PI 529523) and ‘Deltapine 491’ (PVP 200100159, PI 618609), released in 1982 and 2002, respectively, exhibited longer UHM fiber lengths in that study.
Increases in fiber strength have been reported by Bayles et al. (2005), Culp and Green (1992), and Turner et al. (1976), although a lack of progress was observed by Bridge and Meredith (1983), Bridge et al. (1971), Miller and Rawlings (1967b), and Wells and Meredith (1984).
Schwartz and Smith (2008) reported that ‘Deltatype Webber’, released in 1922 was equal to Deltapine 491, a modern-era cultivar released in 2002, in HVI fiber bundle strength. These observations suggest that the lack of objective measurement technology and/or the lack of economic incentives impacted the development of longer and stronger, medium staple upland cotton.
Methods
TAM 01E-22 resulted from the cross of TAM 94L-25 (PI 631440) (Smith, 2003) and an F4 from the cross of 92Z-32-1/88F-28, both unreleased breeding lines having complex pedigrees. The 88F-28 parent is a full-sib of TAM 87D3-2527 (PI 578055) (Smith and Niles, 1994), which was released on the basis of its fiber quality, while 92Z-32-1 resulted form the cross of a sib-line of Tamcot 2111 (PVP 9100221, PI 554643) (Smith and Niles, 1991) with Stoneville 1014, an unreleased strain of the Stoneville Pedigree Seed Company. TAM 94L-25 was released in 2003 by Texas AgriLife Research and resulted from the cross of TAM 87 G3-27 (PI 578054) (Smith and Niles, 1994) with TAM 87O3-37, an unreleased breeding line. TAM 94L-25 exhibits a longer fiber length development period than ‘Fiber Max 832’ (PVP 9800258, PI 603955), TTU 202 (sib-line of ‘Raider 202’ [PVP 200200069, PI 628989]), or ‘Acala 1517-99’ (PVP 200000181, PI 612326) and also exhibited better combining ability for improved fiber length than Fiber Max 832, TTU 202, or Acala 1517-99 in a closed diallel study conducted at College Station, TX (Braden and Smith, 2004). The F2 population was advanced to the F3 generation where TAM 01E-22 was derived from a single plant selection in College Station on the basis of its parentage, apparent yield potential, overall plant conformation, and subsequently, its fiber properties. The resulting F3:4 progeny row was selected in 2002 as a pure line for further evaluation and tested under the name 01E-22.
Field evaluations of TAM 01E-22 were conducted from 2003 through 2006 at multiple locations throughout central and south Texas, including Weslaco, Corpus Christi, Upper Coast area, College Station, Thrall, Uvalde, and Chillicothe. Data presented in Tables 1 to 4
were extracted from large performance trials distributed across central and south Texas, where common commercial checks were included. Variation due to locations, or environments, was used for experimental error to generate F values to separate genotypes. Averaged over eight location-years from 2003 through 2005, TAM 01E-22 produced less lint per hectare than Fiber Max 832 or ‘PSC 355’ but produced fibers 7% longer than Fiber Max 832 and 19% longer than PSC 355 (Table 2). TAM 01E-22 also produced fibers averaging 332 kN m kg–1 fiber bundle strength, which exceeded (p < 0.05) the strength of Fiber Max 832 and PSC 355. When compared with Fiber Max 832LL and Deltapine 491 across five locations in 2006, TAM 01E-22 again was lower yielding but produced longer and stronger fibers (Tables 3 and 4). TAM 01E-22 exhibited lower gin turnout, similar micronaire and uniformity of fiber length, and lower elongation at break.
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TAM 01E-22 is morphologically typical of upland cotton with pubescent leaves and stems. It has normal leaf shape, moderate shatter resistance, midseason maturity, and a growth habit similar to the comparison cultivars. This germplasm line combines HVI UHM fiber length and HVI fiber bundle strength that exceeds that of the two current cultivars considered to be the benchmark U.S. cultivars in these traits. Improved fiber length and fiber strength from this germplasm line should be valuable to private cotton breeders in developing new cultivars with improve fiber quality competitiveness in world markets.
Texas AgriLife Research warrants that this germplasm line was developed using traditional, that is, nontransgenic, breeding methods. Texas AgriLife Research warrants that no crosses were made intentionally with materials containing transgenes for herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, or any other known transgene.
Availability
TAM 01E-22 is experimental in nature, seeds and all plant parts are not for human consumption, and seed is provided for additional research on an as-is basis without additional warranties or representation of any sort, expressed or implied. Inquires regarding availability of seed for research purposes should be directed to the corresponding author. Inquiries regarding commercial use should be directed to the Office of Technology Commercialization, 3369 TAMU, College Station, TX 77845 (1-979-847-8628).
Acknowledgments
Financial support of breeding and research leading to the development of TAM 01E-22 was provided by Texas Department of Agriculture Food and Fibers Grant Program, and Cotton Incorporated.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 4, 2007.
References
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