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a USDA-ARS, Soft Wheat Quality Lab., 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691
b Horticulture and Crop Science Dep., Ohio State Univ., 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691
c Univ. of Idaho, Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, P.O. Box 870, Aberdeen, ID 83210
d Plant, Soils, and Entomological Sciences, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339. Research was funded in part by the Idaho Wheat Commission and the Idaho Agric. Exper. Stn. Hatch Project IDA 1222
* Corresponding author (edward.souza{at}ars.usda.gov).
ABSTRACT
‘Juniper’ (Reg. No. CV-1021, PI 639951) is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and released in February 2006. Juniper was tested under the experimental numbers A91013W-1 and IDO575. It is a full-stature wheat released for very low rainfall, crop-fallow rotations of the Intermountain West and was released for its improved resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend) and dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa Kühn in Rabenh) and bread-baking quality compared with current full-stature cultivars. Juniper had an average yield in rainfed trials of 3290 kg ha–1, compared with the other tall cultivars for this region, ‘Weston’ and ‘Bonneville’, which had grain yields of 3050 and 3180 kg ha–1, respectively. Weston has undesirable baking quality due to short dough mixing time. Juniper has nearly a full minute longer mixograph mixing time compared with Weston (p < 0.01). Juniper also has similar snow mold tolerance (causal organism Typhula spp.) to Bonneville without the undesirable characteristic of late heading date and maturity. Juniper heads 3 d earlier than Bonneville.
‘Juniper’ (Reg. No. CV-1021, PI 639951) is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Idaho Agriculture Experiment Station and released in February 2006. Juniper was named for the town of Juniper, ID. Juniper was tested under the experimental numbers A91013W-1 and IDO575. It was released for its superior yield and quality compared with previous full-stature hard red winter wheat cultivars in the Intermountain zone of the western United States. Juniper is best adapted to low-rainfall, crop-fallow production systems.
Methods
Juniper derives from a cross, designated A91013W, with the pedigree IDO352/UT165093. IDO352 is a tall hard red winter wheat breeding line with a complex pedigree and breeding history, which is described in Windes et al. (1995). IDO352 was developed at the University of Idaho and carries novel resistance to dwarf bunt, which is caused by Tilletia controversa Kühn in Rabenh. UT165093 is a hard red winter wheat breeding line from Utah State University with the pedigree ID51022/‘Manning’. ID51022 is a hard red winter wheat of uncertain parentage from the University of Idaho Moscow wheat breeding program, and Manning is a hard red winter wheat released from the Utah State University Experiment Station (Dewey, 1981). The A91013W cross was completed at Aberdeen, ID, in 1991, and nine F1 seeds were planted in the field at Aberdeen during the winter of 1991–1992. Aberdeen has insufficient rainfall for normal winter wheat production and requires some supplemental irrigation to recover seed in most years. Therefore, all Aberdeen trials described hereafter were irrigated weekly from April to July to replace approximately 75% of evaporative loss. This approximated moisture stress of the rainfed winter wheat production zones of southern Idaho. Irrigation methods and procedures for estimating reduction of irrigation are described in Guttieri et al. (2005). The progeny of the cross was advanced each year at Aberdeen by the bulk method for the F2 and F3 generations. In 1994–1995, the seed of the F4 family was planted at Aberdeen, and 200 heads were selected from a population of approximately 1000 plants. Seed of the selected heads were visually inspected, and head selections with small, shriveled, or diseased grain (primarily Alternaria spp.) were discarded. Approximately 86 head rows were seeded in the field at Aberdeen in 1995–1996, one head selection to one 1-m-long row. Head rows were selected and harvested based on uniformity and resistance to field infection from stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.) and common bunt (T. caries). Inoculation, races, and evaluation of common bunt resistance were as described in Windes et al. (1995). Headrow grain was selected for strong gluten using a modification of the sodium duodecyl-sulfate–sedimentation method (Guttieri et al., 2004). Six headrow selections were advanced to unreplicated testing at Aberdeen and grown in 2-m2 plots in 1996–1997. Three of those selections were advanced to preliminary replicated testing in rainfed trials at Preston and Rockland, ID. Rainfed trials for 1997–1998 and in all subsequent years were managed as described in Souza and Sunderman (1992). The experimental design of trials in 1997–1998 and all subsequent years used 10 x 10 partial lattice designs (three replications). One line, designated A91013W-1, was tested in advanced replicated testing in 1998 to 2005 at Preston, Rockland, Roy, and Tetonia, ID. The Arbon, ID, location was included in the last two years of testing. In 2000 A91013W-1 was designated IDO575 and placed in the Western Regional Winter Wheat Nursery in 2001, 2002, and 2003 (Garland-Campbell and Little, 2001, 2002, and 2003). In 2003 approximately 200 heads of IDO575 were selected at Aberdeen and planted as headrows at Aberdeen in 2003–2004. Rows of IDO575 that were uniform for height, heading date, and head type (approximately 150) were harvested and planted as plots to form the breeder seed for the cultivar Juniper. Juniper was evaluated in on-farm testing by the University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service in 2005 and by the Pacific Northwest Wheat Quality Council in 2005. Juniper is uniform for plant type without obvious phenotypic variants and has remained stable during six generations of evaluation, 1999 to 2004.
Characteristics
Juniper is most similar in appearance to the cultivar Weston (PI 603040). Juniper has an unpigmented coleoptile and a prostrate seedling growth habit. At an average height of 102 cm in 20 trials (Table 1 ), Juniper does not appear to have genes for semidwarf plant type as it is taller than the full-stature cultivars Weston (93 cm, p < 0.05) and Bonneville (89 cm, p < 0.01, Souza et al., 1995). Juniper has dark green foliage with slender, recurved, and nontwisted flag leaves. The inflorescence of Juniper is awned, mid-dense, and tapered, with glumes that are wide, midlong, with oblique shoulders and acuminate beaks. The last internode of the rachis is pubescent. The auricles and anthers of Juniper are unpigmented. Juniper has bronze chaff color at maturity. Seed of Juniper is ovate, with a shallow, wide crease and angular cheeks, similar to Bonneville. The brush on Juniper's seed is short in length and not collared. Juniper has large seed, averaging 39 mg per kernel in five years of Aberdeen trials, similar to Bonneville (39 mg per kernel), but smaller than Weston (42 mg per kernel, p < 0.01).
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On the basis of 2001 seedling resistance evaluations by the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, Juniper is postulated to carry Sr36 and additional unknown genes for stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) resistance. Juniper's reaction to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. f. sp. tritici) is unknown. In three years of Western Regional Nursery evaluations at the Green Canyon site (near Logan, UT), Juniper had excellent resistance to dwarf bunt, with an average rating of 0% infected tillers compared with the susceptible check cultivar Cheyenne (PI 192268), which had an average of 90% of tillers bunted. At the same location in University of Idaho evaluations from 2001 to 2005, the highest level of dwarf bunt infection observed in Juniper was 2% of tillers bunted, similar to Bonneville (maximum of 2% bunted tillers) yet better than Weston (maximum 15% bunted tillers). Juniper has moderate resistance to snow mold based on evaluations in 15 southern Idaho trials from 1999 to 2005 where snow mold significantly reduced spring stands; Juniper had a spring survival of 86%, similar to the resistant cultivar Bonneville (86%), and greater than the susceptible cultivar Weston (77%, p < 0.01).
The University of Idaho Wheat Quality Laboratory evaluated the end-use quality of Juniper by milling and baking samples of each entry from 19 yield trials grown in southern Idaho from 2001 to 2004. Wheat was milled using a Quadrumat Senior experimental flour mill (AACC 26-21A), a Mixograph was used to measure dough strength (AACC 54-21), and a pup-loaf bread bake (AACC 10-10B) was used to assess loaf volume (American Association of Cereal Chemists, 2000). Juniper had a milling yield of 666 g kg–1, similar to Weston (670 g kg–1) yet less than Bonneville (687 g kg–1, p < 0.05). Juniper, Bonneville, and Weston each had an average flour protein of 121 g kg–1. Mixograph dough mixing time for Juniper was 2.6 min, longer than Weston (1.7 min, p < 0.01, Table 3 ) but less than Bonneville (3.1 min, p < 0.01). The mixing tolerance of Juniper, as measured by the angle of the Mixograph curve arriving and departing from peak, is similar to Bonneville, with angles of 75.5° and 74.3°, respectively. Both Juniper and Bonneville had greater mixing tolerance than Weston, which had an angle of 65.2° (p < 0.01). Juniper had an average pup-loaf volume of 1059 mL, similar to Bonneville (1024 mL) and Weston (1064 mL, Table 3). Alkaline noodles of Juniper were sheeted from composite samples of the Western Regional Nursery in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Noodle sheet color was measured in Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) tristimulus color space (L*, a*, b*) using a Minolta CM-2002 spectrophotometer (Minolta Camera, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, Japan) with a 50-mm measurement aperture. Juniper's alkaline noodles were bright 24 h after sheeting (CIE-L* 78.3), compared with Finley (CIE-L* 77.8) and Boundary (CIE-L* 77.7; Garland-Campbell and Little, 2001, 2002, and 2003).
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Seed of Juniper will be maintained by the University of Idaho, Foundation Seed Program, 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly ID 83341. Plant Variety Protection will not be sought for Juniper, and seed will be freely distributed to all interested parties. All generations of pedigree seed (Foundation, Registered, and Certified) are approved for production by the University of Idaho Foundation Seed Program.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication July 14, 2007.
References
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