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a Southern Agricultural Research Center, 748 Railroad Hwy., Huntley, MT 59037
b Dep. of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-3140
c Northern Agricultural Research Center, 3848 Fort Circle, Havre, MT 59501-8409
d Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901
e Eastern Agricultural Research Center, 1501 N. Central, Sidney, MT 59270
f Williston Research Extension Center, 14120 Highway 2, Williston, ND 58801
g Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 974, Conrad, MT 59425
h Central Agricultural Research Center, HC90 Box 20, Moccasin, MT 59462
i Dep. of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717
* Corresponding author (bruckner{at}montana.edu).
‘Hyalite’ (Reg. No. CV-1014, PI 643978) hard white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and released in September 2005. Hyalite is a Clearfield wheat that is licensed for production with Beyond herbicide [active ingredient imazamox (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid); BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC]. Hyalite was released on the basis of its tolerance to imazamox, its adaptation to dryland winter wheat production in Montana, and improved yield potential relative to available Clearfield winter wheat cultivars.
Hyalite was selected as an F3–derived F4 headrow from the composite cross 98X78c, a composite of F2 seed of three related populations, MTW9727/FS2//‘NuWest’, MTW9722/3/NuWest//TX12588-120*4/FS2, and ‘NuSky’//‘TAM 110’*4/FS2/3/N95S004. NuSky (PI 619167; Berg et al., 2003), NuWest (PI 586806; Bruckner et al., 1996), MTW9722 (‘Redwin’/‘Rio Blanco’//NuWest), and MTW9727 (‘Norwin’//‘Froid’/SD1287/3/NuWest) are adapted, high-quality hard white winter wheat lines developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. The wheat germplasm line FS2 (syn. FS4) was developed by the BASF Corporation (formerly American Cyanamid) using sodium azide–induced mutagenesis of the French wheat cultivar Fidel (Newhouse et al., 1992) and contains a single gene at the als1 locus for acetolactate synthesis, which conveys tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. TX12588-120*4/FS2 and TAM 110*4/FS2 are imazamox-tolerant selections from segregating backcross F2 populations developed by Texas A&M and distributed by BASF. TXGH12588-120 is a sib selection of TAM 110 (PI 595757; Lazar et al., 1997). N95S004 (KS87809-10/‘Arapahoe’) is an unreleased experimental line developed by the USDA-ARS program in Nebraska. The F1 populations were grown in a greenhouse in 1998 and sprayed with imazamox herbicide to remove susceptible segregants. A composite of F2 seed of the three related populations was made and planted as an F2 bulk population (98X78c) at Kalispell, MT, in 1999 and subsequently as an F3 bulk population at Kalispell in 2000. F2 and F3 bulk populations were sprayed with imazamox to remove herbicide-susceptible segregants. Resistant F2 plants were selected and bulked to generate the F3 population, and 100 individual heads from herbicide-resistant F3 plants were selected from the population at harvest maturity. F3–derived F4 headrows were grown at Fort Ellis, MT, in 2001 and sprayed with imazamox at a 2X label rate. Herbicide-tolerant headrow 98X78cC86 was selected based on visual criteria for herbicide tolerance, uniformity, productivity, and acceptable agronomic type and was harvested in bulk. 98X78cC86 was subsequently tested in sprayed (2X) and nonsprayed plots of the 2002 Single Rep Clearfield Observation Nursery grown at Bozeman, Havre, and Moccasin, MT. In 2003 98X78cC86 was designated MTCL0306 and tested in the Preliminary Clearfield screening nursery at six sites (two sprayed, four nonsprayed). In 2004 MTCL0306 was planted in the Clearfield qualification trial (0X, 1X, 2X label rates) at four locations and in the nonsprayed Montana Advanced nursery at six locations. Hyalite was tested in the multilocation Montana Intrastate trial in 2005 and 2006. Quality has been evaluated in multilocation Montana trials since 2003.
Hyalite is a medium-maturity, conventional-height Clearfield hard white winter wheat. Average heading date of Hyalite (159.6 d from 1 January, n = 26) is earlier (LSD0.05 = 0.6 d) than that of ‘MT1159CL’ (PI 641221, Berg et al., 2006; 161.9) and later than that of ‘Above’ (Haley et al., 2003; 156.5). Hyalite (94 cm, n = 28) is taller (LSD0.05 = 2 cm) than MT1159CL (89 cm) and Above (86 cm). Winter survival of Hyalite (66%) was moderate in four trials exhibiting differential survival compared with ‘Neeley’ (CItr 17860; 59%), Above (54%), ‘Rampart’ (PI 593889; 51%), and MT1159CL (29%). On the basis of limited field observations under natural infection in Montana, Hyalite is resistant to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) and very susceptible to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.). Based on seven Montana crop tolerance trials, tolerance of Hyalite to imazamox is equivalent to that of Above and MT1159CL.
Hyalite was compared with Clearfield check cultivars in 31 (14 imazamox sprayed, 17 unsprayed) trials in Montana in 2004 and 2005. In these trials, average grain yield of Hyalite (5026 kg ha–1) was significantly higher (LSD0.05 = 410 kg ha–1) than MT1159CL (4421 kg ha–1) and Above (4361 kg ha–1). Average grain volume weight for Hyalite (776 kg m–3, n = 32) was similar (LSD0.05 = 12 kg m–3) to that of Above (770 kg m–3) and higher than that of MT1159CL (759 kg m–3). Average grain protein of Hyalite (132 g kg–1, n = 32) was similar to that of MT1159CL and Above (both 130 g kg–1). Relative to non-Clearfield cultivars (n = 37 unsprayed trials), grain yield of Hyalite (3857 kg ha–1) was similar to that of Neeley (3890 kg ha–1) and higher (LSD0.05 = 222 kg ha–1) than Rampart (3588 kg ha–1).
Based on composite grain samples from 2003 and 2004 (n = 9), milling and bread baking characteristics of Hyalite are similar to those of Neeley, with the exception that Brabender Automat flour extraction of Hyalite (674 g kg–1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Neeley (659 g kg–1), and flour ash of Hyalite (3.6 g kg–1) was lower than that of Neeley (3.8 g kg–1). Hyalite and Neeley were similar for mixograph tolerance (4.6 and 5.0, respectively), bake water absorption (717 and 711 g kg–1, respectively), bake mixing time (6.5 and 7.4 min, respectively), and loaf volume (1051 and 1055 cm3, respectively). Like parental lines NuWest and NuSky, Hyalite has a moderately low level of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and has good Chinese noodle brightness (L*) and noodle color stability. In 2005 quality evaluation (n = 4), Hyalite was statistically equivalent (P > 0.05) to NuWest and NuSky hard white wheat for single kernel characterization system (SKCS) hardness index (79.7), Brabender Automat flour extraction (696 g kg–1), flour ash content (3.7 g kg–1), mixograph tolerance (3.8), bake water absorption (711 g kg–1), bake mixing time (6.2 min), loaf volume (991 cm3), Chinese raw noodle brightness at 0 h (L* = 86.6) and 24 h (L* = 78.9), and noodle color stability (L* at 0 h – L* at 24 h = 7.7). Hyalite was evaluated in the 2005 Crop Asian Products Collaborative Project in cooperation with the U.S. Wheat Associates and the Wheat Marketing Center, Portland, OR. In summary, a 124 g kg–1 grain protein sample of Hyalite produced in Montana was judged as acceptable for Chinese raw noodles, Korean steamed buns, Indonesian instant fried noodles, and Malaysian hokkien noodles by several collaborative foreign teams.
Breeder seed of Hyalite was developed in 2004 and 2005. Seed purification of Hyalite was initiated in 2004 when F3–derived F6 seed was used to plant a single isolated strip increase plot in Yuma, AZ. The strip increase plot was sprayed with imazamox (1X label rate) and harvested with a Wintersteiger combine. No roguing or close observation of these lines was done in Yuma. Seed was cleaned and treated by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Foundation Seed program in Bozeman and planted on 2.5 acres at Kalispell, MT in 2005 as Breeder seed (F3:8). The increase was rogued to remove phenotypic variants. Hyalite contains an imazamox-tolerant dark-chaffed variant at a frequency of <5 per 10000 plants, an imazamox-tolerant tall, white-chaffed variant at a frequency of <2 per 10000 plants, and red kernel variants at a frequency of <16 per 10000 kernels.
The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station will maintain Breeder seed of Hyalite. Hyalite is protected under the Title V option of the Federal PVP act (PVP application no. 200600291) and is available only as a class of Certified seed. Hyalite has been exclusively licensed to WestBred, LLC, Bozeman, MT, for sale of commercial seed stocks. The Clearfield trait possessed by Hyalite that confers tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides has been patented by BASF. Seed of this release is deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System, where it will be available after the expiration of the patent for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars. Any use of Hyalite for research purposes requires a Material Transfer Agreement or a Commercial License to the trait, as well as permission from the variety originator. Contact the corresponding author for all seed requests. The corresponding author will forward the request for seed to BASF Corporation.
Acknowledgments
Hyalite was developed with financial support from Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, BASF, and the Montana Board of Research & Commercialization Technology.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 12, 2006.
References
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